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The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement, Identifying Infants and Young Children with Developmental Disorders in the Medical Home: An Algorithm for Developmental Surveillance and Screening, recommends that developmental surveillance be performed at every preventive visit and that a screening tool should be administered at 9-,18-, and 24- or 30-month visits and for those children whose surveillance yields concerns about delayed or disordered development.
Across the country, states, providers, and communities are undertaking efforts to identify young children in need of early interventions by increasing the number who receive appropriate, objective standardized developmental screening. ABCD states have engaged and partnered with providers in education and training activities to improve implementation of structured screening procedures, through learning collaboratives, state conferences, grand rounds, teleconferences, and office-based training. Training topics range from best practices in developmental screening and perinatal depression to improving referral processes and access to follow up services.
Additionally, quality improvement projects across the country are testing strategies for improved developmental care, including linkages and Care Coordination/Case Management. These projects share a quality improvement philosophy and approach that includes bringing practices together for shared learning, engaging providers and other office staff, viewing the practice as a system of care and working through a cycle of change and assessment (e.g., plan, do, study, act, or PDSA).
This section will focus on what is being done to improve quality in practice.
*Johnson K and Rosenthal J, Improving Care Coordination, Case Management, and Linkages to Service for Young Children: Opportunities for States. (Portland, ME: The National Academy for State Health Policy, April 2009).
**Fine A and Mayer R, Beyond Referral: Pediatric care linkages to improve developmental health, (New York, NY: The Commonwealth Fund December, 2006.) (Pub.No. 976).
| Title | Description | Date Published | Resource | State |
| SoonerStart Early Intervention Referral | (Oklahoma ABCD Project) This referral form is to be used to refer a potentially eligible infant or toddler (birth to 36 months) to the SoonerStart Early Intervention Program, and it includes a Child Referral Status Information form to return to the referring practitioner. If a provider has concerns that a child has one or more of the conditions listed, they should consider referring the child to the SoonerStart program. | February 2009 | State-specific | Oklahoma |
| ASQ Age Administration Calculator | (California ABCD Screening Academy Project) Excel-based tool used to help providers determine which ASQ tool to use with a client. Enter client data and Excel will automatically calculate the age of the child in days and recommend the best ASQ tool to use. | December 2008 | State-specific | California |
| Minnesota's letter to Healthy Development Collaborators introducing parent surveys of well-child visits | (Minnesota ABCD Screening Academy Project) Letter to participating practices introducing the surveys for parents of newborn up to 6-year-old child brought in for a well-child visit. This letter is included in a well-child survey packet sent to providers. | December 2008 | State-specific | Minnesota |
| Ideas for ways to introduce the Promoting Health Development Parental Surveys of well-child visits | (Minnesota ABCD Screening Academy Project) Informational list of suggested descriptive phrases to prompt providers to promote participation in parent survey of well-child visits. Included in well-child survey packet sent to providers. | December 2008 | State-specific | Minnesota |
| Well-Child Visit Survey for Infants 10 to 18 Months of Age | (Minnesota ABCD Screening Academy Project) Parent well-child visit survey for infants 10 to 18 months of age. Included in well-child survey packet sent to providers. | December 2008 | State-specific | Minnesota |
| Letter announcing referral tracking card |
(Minnesota ABCD Screening Academy Project) Letter to providers describing options for using Minnesota's referral tracking card: a small card attached to each screening tool that provides a space to mark if the child (or caregiver) was referred for developmental and/or mental health screening or maternal depression screening. |
December 2008 | State-specific | Minnesota |
| Sample Referral Tracking Cards |
(Minnesota ABCD Screening Academy Project) Minnesota developed two sample cards for tracking referrals: one for ASQ and ASQ:SE, the other for maternal depression screening with the Edinburgh tool. |
December 2008 | State-specific | Minnesota |
| Oklahoma's Developmental Screening Initiative Screening Tools Flyer: Back page | (Ohlahoma Department of Health) Flyer announcing that evidence-based developmental screening tools are available FREE through the Oklahoma State Department of Health. | December 2008 | State-specific | Oklahoma |
| Kansas Provider Survey of EPSDT services | Kansas Provider Survey of EPSDT services: Summary of responses | July 2008 | State-specific | Kansas |
| Ohio's Child Health Improvement Partnership/OCHIP | (Karen Hughes, Debbie Wright) PowerPoint presentation describing Ohio's Child Health Improvement Partnership/OCHIP | June 2008 | State-specific | Ohio |
| District of Columbia Medicaid Referral Form | District of Columbia (2008) This referral form is designed to allow participating providers to specify the reasons for a referral. The form contains a disclosure form for parents to sign to authorize a developemntal screening for their child. Parental permission is reported to Early Intervention and the Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities Division so the outcome can be tracked. | May 2008 | NASHP-Commonwealth | District of Columbia |
| Oklahoma's Developmental Screening Initiative Screening Tools Flyer | Oklahoma Department of Health. (2008). Flyer announcing that evidence-based developmental screening tools are available FREE through the Oklahoma State Department of Health. | January 2008 | State-specific | Oklahoma |
| Ordering Screening Tools | Oklahoma Department of Health (2008) To facilitate providers ordering developmental screening tools, the Oklahoma Department of Health set up a page on their website on which Primary Care Providers may order materials and request consultative services online, by phone or click a link to complete the online order information form. | January 2008 | State-specific | Oklahoma |
| Primary Care Provider Developmental Screening Survey |
Virginia ABCD Project (2007) Two-page survey of Virginia health care providers designed to gather information to better understand the needs of health care providers in meeting the developmental needs of young patients. |
December 2007 | State-specific | Virginia |
| Using QI Methods to Spread Improvements in Developmental Services and Well Child Care |
Peter Margolis. (2007). PowerPoint presentation for ABCD Screening Academy Learning Session, July 2007. This presentation discusses the evidence supporting QI approaches to improving preventive and developmental care; describes Quality Improvement Science; outlines three models for supporting practice-based improvement; and explains the transition from pilot testing to large scale spread.
|
December 2007 | NASHP-Commonwealth | |
| The VHA New England Medication Error Prevention Initiative as a model for long-term improvement collaboratives |
Lesar TS et al. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2007;33:73-82. This article compares various quality improvement collaboratives to gain insight into the elements important for their success. (From abstract). |
December 2007 | Peer-reviewed | |
| Child Development Review Parent Questionnaire (CDR-PQ) |
Minnesota Department of Health (2007) Profile of and relevant information on the Child Development Review Parent Questionnaire. |
December 2007 | State-specific | |
| Mom, are you feeling blue? |
Utah ABCD project (2007) Utah created posters focusing on screening mothers for postpartum depression. The posters have the PHQ-2 questions and are available in English and Spanish. They have been distributed widely and were well received. English version. |
December 2007 | State-specific | Utah |
| When mom suffers from postpartum depression |
Utah ABCD project (2007) Utah created posters focusing on screening mothers for post partum depression. The posters had the PHQ-2 questions and were available in English and Spanish. They have been distributed widely and were well received. English version directed toward families. |
December 2007 | State-specific | Utah |
| Cuando la mam |
Utah ABCD project (2007) Utah created posters focusing on screening mothers for postpartum depression. The posters had the PHQ-2 questions and were available in English and Spanish. They have been distributed widely and were well received. Spanish version directed toward families. |
December 2007 | State-specific | Utah |
| CDC-AAP GrowthChart |
AAP/CDC (2007) The AAP and CDC have developed a poster that outlines developmental milestones on one side and height on the other (it is a developmental growth chart). The poster includes the new AAP recommendations for screening (9, 18, 24/30 months for general developmental and 18 and 24 months for autism-specific). Spanish and English language versions are included. Link to Growth Chart
|
December 2007 | Other | |
| Piloting the AAP Algorithm: Lessons Learned - presentation |
NASHP (2007) PowerPoint presentation for ABCD Screening Academy Piloting the AAP Algorithm: Lessons Learned Webcast held October 18, 2007. |
October 2007 | NASHP-Commonwealth | |
| Developmental and Mental Health Screening |
Glenace Edwall. (2007). PowerPoint presentation for ABCD Screening Academy Learning Session, July 2007. Based on the Minnesota experience, this presentation provides an overview of developmental and socio-emotional screening tools, including how to address barriers to screening. |
July 2007 | NASHP-Commonwealth | Utah |
| Utah Pediatric Partnership to Improve Healthcare Quality |
Chuck Norlin. (2007). PowerPoint presentation for ABCD Screening Academy Learning Session, July 2007. This presentation examines how Utah utilized learning collaboratives to help physician practices incorporate standardized screening into well child care. |
July 2007 | NASHP-Commonwealth | |
| Parental Depression Screening for Pediatric Clinicians: An Implementation Manual |
Ardis Olson, M.D. and Cecelia Gaffney, M.Ed. (The Commonwealth Fund, April 18, 2007). This manual guides health providers in conducting routine screening for parental depression and referring parents to counseling services. The manual is based on the findings of the Dartmouth Parental Well-Being Project, which tested practical approaches over a six-month period with more than 9,000 parents.
|
April 2007 | NASHP-Commonwealth | |
| Implementation Guide for Depression Screening: Part 1 “Prepare Your Practice” |
Utah ABCD Project (2006) This chart outlines steps to be taken by all office staff prior to implementing and integrating depression screening into office flow. This list of tasks to consider includes what, who, and how. |
December 2006 | State-specific | Utah |
| Objectives for UPIQ’s Learning Collaborative on Screening for Maternal Depression |
Utah ABCD Project (2006) This document outlines objectives for the Maternal Depression Screening Learning Collaborative participants. |
December 2006 | State-specific | Utah |
| Performance Improvement Project Workplan with CME Incentive |
Utah ABCD Project (2006) This workplan template serves to guide providers as they undertake performance improvement projects as one part of the Maternal Depression Learning Collaborative. Participating providers earn an additional CME credit. |
December 2006 | State-specific | Utah |
| Building Strong Foundations: Promoting the Social-Emotional Development of Infants and Toddlers within a Cultural Context |
Antonia Wilcoxon. (Minnesota Department of Human Services, 2006). This PowerPoint presentation outlines the value of communication across cultures to promote the healthy social-emotional development of infants and toddlers within a cultural context. |
December 2006 | State-specific | Minnesota |
| Central Pediatrics, St. Paul, Mental Health Screening for Primary Care Flowchart |
Central Pediatrics, St. Paul, Minnesota. (April 12, 2006). This flowchart provides a visual model for practice redesign to support incorporating mental health screening into clinic processes. |
December 2006 | State-specific | Minnesota |
| Instructions for using the North Carolina ASQ access database |
North Carolina ABCD Project. (2006). Instructions for using the North Carolina ASQ access database. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Screening for Maternal Depression Monthly Audit Form |
Utah ABCD Project (2006) This resource is a practice-completed chart audit form designed to collect data on screenings for maternal depression during well child visits. |
December 2006 | State-specific | Utah |
| Parenting During Depression: A Guide for Clinicians |
Utah ABCD Project (2006) This pamphlet provides counseling tips for clinicians who work with parents exhibiting symptoms of or diagnosed with depression. |
December 2006 | State-specific | Utah |
| Implementation Guide for Depression Screening: Part 2 |
Utah ABCD Project (2006) This chart outlines steps to be taken to integrate a depression screening into an office visit, including information on interacting with the patient and referrals. This resource includes information on each step taken: when, by whom, and how. |
December 2006 | State-specific | Utah |
| Aim, Measure, and Changes Worksheet |
Utah ABCD Project (2006) This worksheet was provided to Learning Collaborative participants to structure and evaluate implementation of standardized screening for maternal depression. |
December 2006 | State-specific | Utah |
| Users Tip Sheet: Measure of Whether a Parent-Completed Standardized Developmental and Behavioral Screening Tool was Administered |
North Carolina ABCD Project. (2006). Child and Adolescent Mental Health Initiative. This resource was developed to provide technical assistance to Setting the Stage sites implementing standardized screening processes. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Screening and Referral Tracking Sheet |
North Carolina ABCD Project. (2006). This worksheet was used by North Carolina pilot sites to track screening and referral outcomes. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Getting Started Worksheet for Social Emotional Screening |
North Carolina ABCD Project. (2006). This resource is a form designed to help practices better identify available system supports and partners in an effort to improve follow-up services. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Getting Started Worksheet |
North Carolina ABCD Project. (2006). This resource is designed to help practices begin to integrate and implement standardized screening into office flow. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Setting the Stage for Success training materials |
North Carolina ABCD Project. (2006). This resource provides background information on the importance of integrating standardized screening into primary care. It also provides worksheets to be used by pilot sites to implement screening processes. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Measuring and Reporting Performance |
North Carolina ABCD Project. (2006). This resource was developed to assist Setting the Stage projects in measuring performance. It includes in-depth instruction for using the ABCD database (developed under NC ABCD I) to evaluate implementation. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| The Parent Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) and Electronic Medical Records |
North Carolina ABCD Project. (2006). This resource outlines the use of the PEDS instrument for screening, how it interfaces with electronic medial records, and explores additional copyright issues. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| The Logistics of Sponsoring a Training |
North Carolina ABCD Project. (2006). This resource outlines the critical steps that must be considered in order to sponsor successful quality improvement training. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Keeping it Tops with Practices |
North Carolina ABCD Project. (2006). When there are many competing initiatives for a practice, it is important to explore what mechanisms you will use for connecting with them. This resource lists the strategies that were successful in North Carolina. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Quality Improvement Meeting Agenda |
North Carolina ABCD Project. (2006). This agenda highlights how North Carolina used its stakeholder groups to continually engage leaders and further project success even beyond the life of the ABCD grant. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| PEDS Access database (mdb file) |
North Carolina ABCD Project (2006) North Carolina has developed databases for primary care providers who use the Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) as part of a well-child visit to conduct standardized screening. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Instructions for using the North Carolina PEDS Access database |
North Carolina ABCD Project (2006) Instructions for using the North Carolina PEDS access database. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| ASQ Access database |
North Carolina ABCD Project (2006) North Carolina has developed databases for primary care providers who use the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) as part of a well-child visit to conduct standardized screening. This database allows providers to capture and record outcomes for referral and tracking purposes, as well as for practice level quality improvement efforts. As this file is nearly 7MB, please contact Larry Hinkle to arrange a method of delivering it to you. |
December 2006 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Statewide quality improvement outreach improves preventive services for young children |
Judith S. Shaw et al. Pediatrics. Oct 2006;118(4); e1039-e1047. This article, which focuses on Vermont, provides the evidence for an effective statewide pediatric quality improvement outreach program to improve preventive services for children who are younger than 5 years. |
October 2006 | Peer-reviewed | |
| Screening for Maternal Depression Learning Collaborative Agenda |
Utah ABCD Project Learning Collaborative. (September 15, 2006) This resource is the agenda for the Maternal Depression Learning Collaborative held at the University of Utah in September 2006. |
September 2006 | State-specific | |
| Parental Depression: The Elephant in the Room with Us, Powerpoint presentation |
Ardis Olsen (Utah ABCD Project, September 15, 2006) This PowerPoint presentation from the Maternal Depression Learning Collaborative provides a comprehensive clinical overview of parental depression, highlights primary care providers' roles in identification and treatment, and strategies for integrating screening into practice flow. |
September 2006 | State-specific | Utah |
| Evaluation of a learning collaborative to improve the delivery of preventive services by pediatric practice |
Paul C. Young et al. Pediatrics. May 2006; 117(5):1469-1476. This article demonstrates that learning collaboratives are a potentially effective method of improving the quality of care delivered by pediatric practices. (From abstract).
|
May 2006 | Peer-reviewed | |
| A Practical Guide for Improving Child Developmental Services |
The Commonwealth Fund. (May 8, 2006). This guide helps pediatric practices redesign their office systems to improve the quality of preventive and developmental services. The resources (checklists, surveys, bibliographies, and more) were developed and tested in a year-long quality improvement initiative in which primary care practices in Vermont and North Carolina used improved office systems to engage families in efforts to promote positive developmental outcomes.
|
May 2006 | NASHP-Commonwealth | |
| Information for Physicians on Prescription Products to Treat Perinatal Depression |
Utah ABCD Project (February 2006) This chart provides a list of available medications for treating perinatal depression, including information on risks, teratogenicity and recommended dosage. This list was provided to Learning Collaborative participants. |
February 2006 | State-specific | Utah |
| ABCD Healthy Beginnings Pediatric Practice Social/Emotional (S/E) & Maternal Depression Questionnaire |
Illinois ABCD Healthy Beginnings. (2005). This survey was designed to evaluate the existing processes in pediatric practices for identifying social/emotional (S/E) and maternal depression issues in patients. |
December 2005 | State-specific | Illinois |
| UPIQ Social-Emotional Screening Learning Collaborative Pre-Collaborative Assessment Audit |
UPIQ. (2005). Form for participants to complete prior to the UPIQ Social Emotional Learning Collaborative held in Lehi, Utah, May 20, 2005. Information used to establish a baseline to measure quality improvement efforts during UPIQ. |
December 2005 | State-specific | Utah |
| Practice Information Sheet |
UPIQ. (2005). Form for UPIQ Social Emotional Learning Collaborative participants to complete detailing team leader and team membership. |
December 2005 | State-specific | Utah |
| Team Time- Screening Tool Selection |
UPIQ. Before you decide what direction you want to take with Social Emotional Screening, it is best to look at what your group is currently doing. This tool will assist providers in selecting the best developmental screening tool for their practice. |
December 2005 | State-specific | Utah |
| Screening Implementation Worksheet - Practice Questions and Answers |
UPIQ. (2005). Form for practices to complete to organize office workflow. Adapted from North Carolina's ABCD project materials and Ploof D, Hamel SC: Developmental screening is an important part of well care: How can we really make it happen? Basic principles for practice change in the real world. Newsletter of the American Academy of Pediatrics' Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, June 2002 |
December 2005 | State-specific | Utah |
| BCAP Toolkit: Enhancing Child Development Services in Medicaid Managed Care |
Purvi Kobawala Smith. (Hamilton, NJ: Center for Health Care Strategies. October 2005). This toolkit reflects the experiences of the Enhancing Child Development Services in Medicaid Managed Care workgroup - 10 health plans and a primary care case management program - that collaborated to develop best practices for enhancing child development services. (From web Summary) |
October 2005 | Other | |
| So, What Now? |
Jenifer Lloyd. (Utah Department of Health, May 20, 2005). A presentation by Jenifer Lloyd at the UPIQ Social Emotional Learning Collaborative held in Lehi, Utah, May 20, 2005 |
May 2005 | State-specific | Utah |
| Implementing the ASQ: From Keys to Success to Biting Off Too Much: The Only Way to Find Out What Is Right for Your Practice |
Harper Randall (Granger Medical Clinic, May 20, 2005). Presentation outline for the UPIQ Social Emotional Learning Collaborative held in Lehi, Utah, May 20, 2005 |
May 2005 | State-specific | Utah |
| Monthly Audit Form |
UPIQ. Form for practices completing monthly chart audits. Participating practices are asked to review 10 charts and respond to short questions on referrals and their Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles. |
May 2005 | State-specific | Utah |
| UPIQ Learning Collaborative Agenda Focusing on Social Emotional Screening of Toddlers 12 to 36 months |
UPIQ (2005). Agenda for Collaborative meeting focusing on Social Emotional Screening of Toddlers 12 to 36 months, Friday May 20, 2005 7:30-4:30, Thanksgiving Point. |
May 2005 | State-specific | Utah |
| The paths from research to improved health outcomes |
Paul Glasziou and Brian Haynes. ACP Journal Club. Mar/Apr 2005; 142(2): A8-A10. This article discusses the role of evidence based medicine in improved health outcomes. |
March 2005 | Other | |
| PSDA Cycles |
UPIQ. PDSA stands for Plan, Do, Study, Act. It is a model for testing ideas that you think may create an improvement. |
January 2005 | State-specific | Utah |
| ABCD II Prevention and Identification Workgroup Report June 14, 2004 |
Iowa ABCD II Prevention and Identification Workgroup (2004). This resource summarizes the Prevention and Identification Workgroup efforts around detailing minimum clinical standards for providers in the identification of developmental, social-emotional, and behavioral problems in children birth to three years. |
December 2004 | State-specific | Iowa |
| The Basics of Quality Improvement |
Paul Young. (UPIQ, 2004). PowerPoint presentation on models for improvement for Social-Emotional Screening Learning Collaborative October 15, 2004. |
December 2004 | State-specific | Utah |
| UPIQ Presentation at Thanksgiving Point Learning Collaborative, October 2004 |
UPIQ. (October 15, 2004). Presentation at Thanksgiving Point Collaborative meeting, October, 2004. Describes UPIQ Learning Collaborative approach: identify need, apply evidence by changing system, measure what you do. |
October 2004 | State-specific | Utah |
| Screening: A Quality Improvement Initiative in Primary Care Practice |
Marian Earls. (October 2004). Presentation on Screening, developed by Dr. Marian Earls, Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrician, for UPIQ. |
October 2004 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Practice based education to improve delivery systems for prevention in primary care: randomised trial |
Peter A Margolis et al. BMJ 2004 328: 388. This article demonstrates that combining continuing education with process improvement methods is an effective method of increasing rates of delivery of preventive care to children. (From abstract). |
February 2004 | Peer-reviewed | |
| CME Curriculum Outline: Setting the Stage for Success: A Study of the Physician's Role in Early Intervention |
North Carolina ABCD I Project This agenda outlines the Developmental Screening CME training conducted under the NC ABCD project. |
December 2003 | State-specific | North Carolina |
| Developmental screening checklist for children ages 0-5 |
North Carolina ABCD I Project. This resource is a checklist of talking points for providers to consider as they implement standardized developmental screening for children ages 0-5. |
December 2003 | State-specific | |
| The Breakthrough Series: IHI's collaborative model for achieving breakthrough improvement |
IHI Innovation Series white paper. (Boston: Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2003). IHI’s Innovation Series white papers were developed to further the mission of improving the quality and value of health care. The findings and tools in these reports provide you with an opportunity to understand and evaluate the issues, and begin testing changes that can help your organization make breakthrough improvements. (From website) |
December 2003 | Other | |
| Principles to Guide Iowa's System of Developmental Services for Children and their Families |
Iowa's Developmental Services Workgroup. (September 2002). This resource outlines principles to guide Medicaid provider interactions with children, families, and communities. It was developed by the Developmental Services Workgroup under the Healthy Mental Development Panel. |
September 2002 | State-specific | Iowa |
| Ready to Enter: What Research Tells Policymakers About Strategies to Promote Social and Emotional School Readiness Among Three- and Four-year-old Children |
(C. Cybele Raver and Jane Knitzer. New York, NY: National Center for Children in Poverty) This resource is policy paper number three in the series "Promoting the Emotional Well-Being of Children and Families" and was designed for policymakers. The paper focuses on reasons why it is important to intervene to help young children at risk for poor social, emotional, and behavioral development and what kinds of research-based interventions seem most effective. (From Executive Summary)" |
July 2002 | Other | |
| Developmental Screening Is An Important Part Of Well Care: How Can We Really Make It Happen? Basic Principles For Practice Change In The Real World |
Dianna Ploof and Sara C. Hamel. American Academy of Pediatrics’ Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics’ Newsletter, June 2002. This article describes the necessary components for creating lasting change when initiating developmental screening in primary care. |
June 2002 | ||
| Improving preventive service delivery through office systems |
W. Clayton Bordley, et al. Pediatrics Sept 2001; 108 (3): e41. This article focuses on determining the effectiveness of office systems implemented to improve the delivery of preventive care in pediatric practices. (From abstract). |
September 2001 | Peer-reviewed | |
| Early childhood mental health services: A policy and systems development perspective |
Jane Knitzer. in Shonkoff J, Meisels S (eds): Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention, ed 2. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2000). |
December 2000 | Peer-reviewed | |
| Principles of educational outreach ('academic detailing') to improve physician decision making |
S.B. Soumerai and J. Avorn. JAMA. Jan 26, 1990; 263(4):549-556. This article defines the theory and practice of methods to improve physicians' clinical decision making to enhance the quality and cost-effectiveness of care. (From abstract)
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January 1990 | Peer-reviewed |
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